Introduction¶
Overview of Modelica¶
Modelica is a language for modeling of physical systems, designed to support effective library development and model exchange. It is a modern language built on acausal modeling with mathematical equations and object-oriented constructs to facilitate reuse of modeling knowledge.
Scope of the Specification¶
The semantics of the Modelica language is specified by means of a set of rules for translating any class described in the Modelica language to a flat Modelica structure.
A class (of specialized class model, class or block) intended to be simulated on its own is called a simulation model.
The flat Modelica structure is also defined for other cases than simulation models; including functions (can be used to provide algorithmic contents), packages (used as a structuring mechanism), and partial models (used as base-models). This allows correctness to be verified for those classes, before using them to build the simulation model.
There are specific semantic restrictions for a simulation model to ensure that the model is complete; they allow its flat Modelica structure to be further transformed into a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations (= flat hybrid DAE). Note that satisfying the semantic restrictions does not guarantee that the model can be initialized from the initial conditions and simulated.
Modelica was designed to facilitate symbolic transformations of models, especially by mapping basically every Modelica language construct to continuous or instantaneous equations in the flat Modelica structure. Many Modelica models, especially in the associated Modelica Standard Library, are higher index systems, and can only be reasonably simulated if symbolic index reduction is performed, i.e., equations are differentiated and appropriate variables are selected as states, so that the resulting system of equations can be transformed to state space form (at least locally numerically), i.e., a hybrid DAE of index zero. In order to allow this structural analysis, a tool may reject simulating a model if parameters cannot be evaluated during translation - due to calls of external functions or initial equations/initial algorithms for fixed=false parameters. Accepting such models is a quality of implementation issue. The Modelica specification does not define how to simulate a model. However, it defines a set of equations that the simulation result should satisfy as well as possible.
The key issues of the translation (or flattening) are:
- Expansion of inherited base classes
- Parameterization of base classes, local classes and components
- Generation of connection equations from connect-equations
The flat hybrid DAE form consists of:
- Declarations of variables with the appropriate basic types, prefixes and attributes, such as “parameter Real v=5”.
- Equations from equation sections.
- Function invocations where an invocation is treated as a set of equations which involves all input and all result variables (number of equations = number of basic result variables).
- Algorithm sections where every section is treated as a set of equations which involves the variables occurring in the algorithm section (number of equations = number of different assigned variables).
- When-clauses where every when-clause is treated as a set of conditionally evaluated equations, also called instantaneous equations, which are functions of the variables occurring in the clause (number of equations = number of different assigned variables).
Therefore, a flat hybrid DAE is seen as a set of equations where some of the equations are only conditionally evaluated (e.g. instantaneous equations are only evaluated when the corresponding when-condition becomes true). Initial setup of the model is specified using start-values and instantaneous equations that hold at the initial time only.
A Modelica class may also contain annotations, i.e. formal comments, which specify graphical representations of the class (icon and diagram), documentation text for the class, and version information.
Some Definitions¶
The semantic specification should be read together with the Modelica grammar. Non-normative text, i.e., examples and comments, are enclosed in [ ]; comments are set in italics. Additional terms are explained in the glossary in . Some important terms are:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Component | An element defined by the production component-clause in the Modelica grammar (basically a variable or an instance of a class) |
| Element | Class definitions, extends-clauses and component-clauses declared in a class (basically a class reference or a component in a declaration). |
| Flattening | The translation of a model described in Modelica to the corresponding model described as a hybrid DAE, involving expansion of inherited base classes, parameterization of base classes, local classes and components, and generation of connection equations from connect-equations (basically, mapping the hierarchical structure of a model into a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations together with the corresponding variable declarations and function definitions from the model). |
Notation and Grammar¶
The meta symbols (of the extended BNF-grammar) are defined in .
Boldface denotes keywords of the Modelica language. Keywords are reserved words and may not be used as identifiers, with the exception of initial which is a keyword in section headings, and der which is a keyword for declaration functions, but it is also possible to call the functions initial()and der(…).
See for a full lexical specification and grammar.