modelA03BA01
Extends from Pharmacokinetic.Models.PK_2C.
Information
| name: | Atropine | |
| ATC code: | A03BA01 | route: | intravenous |
| compartments: | 2 | |
| dosage: | 0.6 | mg |
| volume of distribution: | 2.7 | L |
| clearance: | 1.05 | L/h/kg |
| other parameters in model implementation | ||
Atropine is an antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) drug that blocks the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate), as a premedication for anesthesia to reduce salivation, to reverse cholinergic poisoning (from organophosphates or nerve agents), and to dilate pupils in ophthalmology. Atropine is widely approved and used today in various clinical settings.
Pharmacokinetics
Healthy adult volunteers (mixed sex), single intravenous administration.
References
Ström, L, et al., & Ekstrand, C (2021). Topical ophthalmic atropine in horses, pharmacokinetics and effect on intestinal motility. BMC veterinary research 17(1) 149–None. DOI:10.1186/s12917-021-02847-4 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827566
Sjödin, L, et al., & Al-Saffar, A (2011). Using pharmacokinetic modeling to determine the effect of drug and food on gastrointestinal transit in dogs. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods 64(1) 42–52. DOI:10.1016/j.vascn.2011.04.008 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21596146
Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T, et al., & Kanazawa, H (2013). Evaluation of the predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic model for propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 36(2) 169–173. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01404.x PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22568878
Parameters
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modelica.Units.SI.Mass | weight (from PK_1C) | 75 | patient weight (kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdPerKg (from PK_1C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution (L/kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.MassFraction | F (from PK_1C) | 0.8 | bioavailiability (0-1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | Cl (from PK_1C) | 20 | clearance |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminTime (from PK_1C) | 60 | first administration time (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminDuration (from PK_1C) | 600 | administration duration (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminPeriod (from PK_1C) | 8*60*60 | period of administration (default 8 hours)(s) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Mass | adminMass (from PK_1C) | 1000 | administration mass (mg) |
| Integer | adminCount (from PK_1C) | 8 | number of dose administered (1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vd (from PK_1C) | VdPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmin (from PK_1C) | 0.004 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmax (from PK_1C) | 0.008 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_peak (from PK_1C) | 0.012 | toxicity peak level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_trough (from PK_1C) | 0.006 | toxicity trough level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vdp (from PK_2C) | VdpPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdpPerKg (from PK_2C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution peripheral(l/kg) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | k12 (from PK_2C) | 1 | intercompartmental C-P clearance |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | k21 (from PK_2C) | 1 | intercompartmental P-C clearance |
Connectors
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | centralCPort (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | peripheralCPort (from PK_2C) | ||
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_peripheral1 (from PK_2C) |
Components
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Pharmacokinetic.ClearanceDrivenElimination | elim (from PK_1C) | ||
| Sources.PeriodicDose | periodicDose (from PK_1C) | ||
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | t1_2 (from PK_1C) | elimination half-life | |
| Pharmacolibrary.Pharmacokinetic.TransferFirstOrderNonSym | transfer (from PK_2C) | ||
| Pharmacolibrary.Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | peripheral (from PK_2C) |
Revisions
- 06/2025 Tomas Kulhanek, generated model from data extracted from PUBMED, DrugBank and LLM(GPT4.1)