modelA03BA01_1
Extends from Pharmacokinetic.Models.PK_2C_enteral.
Information
| name: | Atropine_1 | |
| ATC code: | A03BA01_1 | route: | oral |
| compartments: | 2 | |
| dosage: | 2.0 | mg |
| volume of distribution: | 1.7 | L |
| clearance: | 1.35 | L/h/kg |
| other parameters in model implementation | ||
Atropine is an antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) drug that blocks the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate), as a premedication for anesthesia to reduce salivation, to reverse cholinergic poisoning (from organophosphates or nerve agents), and to dilate pupils in ophthalmology. Atropine is widely approved and used today in various clinical settings.
Pharmacokinetics
Healthy adults after oral administration, single dose.
References
Gervais, HW, et al., & Dick, WF (1997). Plasma concentration following oral and intramuscular atropine in children and their clinical effects. Paediatric anaesthesia 7(1) 13–18. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-40.x PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9041569
Schep, LJ, et al., & Mégarbane, B (2012). The clinical toxicology of γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 50(6) 458–470. DOI:10.3109/15563650.2012.702218 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22746383
Kersten, H, et al., & Molden, E (2014). Association between inherited CYP2D6/2C19 phenotypes and anticholinergic measures in elderly patients using anticholinergic drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring 36(1) 125–130. DOI:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829da990 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24089073
Parameters
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modelica.Units.SI.Mass | weight (from PK_1C) | 75 | patient weight (kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdPerKg (from PK_1C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution (L/kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.MassFraction | F (from PK_1C) | 0.8 | bioavailiability (0-1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | Cl (from PK_1C) | 20 | clearance |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminTime (from PK_1C) | 60 | first administration time (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminDuration (from PK_1C) | 600 | administration duration (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminPeriod (from PK_1C) | 8*60*60 | period of administration (default 8 hours)(s) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Mass | adminMass (from PK_1C) | 1000 | administration mass (mg) |
| Integer | adminCount (from PK_1C) | 8 | number of dose administered (1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vd (from PK_1C) | VdPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmin (from PK_1C) | 0.004 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmax (from PK_1C) | 0.008 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_peak (from PK_1C) | 0.012 | toxicity peak level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_trough (from PK_1C) | 0.006 | toxicity trough level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vdp (from PK_2C) | VdpPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdpPerKg (from PK_2C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution peripheral(l/kg) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | k12 (from PK_2C) | 1 | intercompartmental C-P clearance |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | k21 (from PK_2C) | 1 | intercompartmental P-C clearance |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.TransferRate | ka (from PK_2C_enteral) | 0.016666666666666666 | first order absorption rate |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | Tlag (from PK_2C_enteral) | 600 | delay between oral administration and absorption (default 10min) |
Connectors
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | centralCPort (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | peripheralCPort (from PK_2C) | ||
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_peripheral1 (from PK_2C) |
Components
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Pharmacokinetic.ClearanceDrivenElimination | elim (from PK_1C) | ||
| Sources.PeriodicDose | periodicDose (from PK_1C) | ||
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | t1_2 (from PK_1C) | elimination half-life | |
| Pharmacolibrary.Pharmacokinetic.TransferFirstOrderNonSym | transfer (from PK_2C) | ||
| Pharmacolibrary.Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | peripheral (from PK_2C) |
Revisions
- 06/2025 Tomas Kulhanek, generated model from data extracted from PUBMED, DrugBank and LLM(GPT4.1)