modelA06AD11
Extends from Pharmacokinetic.Models.PK_1C_enteral.
Information
| name: | Lactulose | |
| ATC code: | A06AD11 | route: | oral |
| compartments: | 1 | |
| dosage: | 20 | mg |
| volume of distribution: | 0.5 | L |
| clearance: | 5 | L/h |
| other parameters in model implementation | ||
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used primarily as an osmotic laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation and as an adjunct in treating hepatic encephalopathy by reducing absorption of ammonia in the colon. Lactulose is approved and widely used today for these indications.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for healthy adult volunteers after single oral administration, as published clinical PK studies are limited for lactulose due to its minimal systemic absorption.
References
Dalton, N, et al., & Baird, G (2014). Gut permeability in autism spectrum disorders. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research 7(3) 305–313. DOI:10.1002/aur.1350 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24339339
Lee, GO, et al., & Kosek, M (2014). Lactulose: mannitol diagnostic test by HPLC and LC-MSMS platforms: considerations for field studies of intestinal barrier function and environmental enteropathy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 59(4) 544–550. DOI:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000459 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24941958
Mouly, S, et al., & Urien, S (2001). Increased oral ganciclovir bioavailability in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea and wasting syndrome--a population pharmacokinetic study. British journal of clinical pharmacology 51(6) 557–565. DOI:10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01389.x PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11422015
Parameters
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modelica.Units.SI.Mass | weight (from PK_1C) | 75 | patient weight (kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdPerKg (from PK_1C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution (L/kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.MassFraction | F (from PK_1C) | 0.8 | bioavailiability (0-1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | Cl (from PK_1C) | 20 | clearance |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminTime (from PK_1C) | 60 | first administration time (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminDuration (from PK_1C) | 600 | administration duration (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminPeriod (from PK_1C) | 8*60*60 | period of administration (default 8 hours)(s) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Mass | adminMass (from PK_1C) | 1000 | administration mass (mg) |
| Integer | adminCount (from PK_1C) | 8 | number of dose administered (1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vd (from PK_1C) | VdPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmin (from PK_1C) | 0.004 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmax (from PK_1C) | 0.008 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_peak (from PK_1C) | 0.012 | toxicity peak level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_trough (from PK_1C) | 0.006 | toxicity trough level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.TransferRate | ka (from PK_1C_enteral) | 0.016666666666666666 | first order absorption rate |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | Tlag (from PK_1C_enteral) | 600 | delay between oral administration and absorption (default 10min) |
Connectors
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | centralCPort (from PK_1C) |
Components
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Pharmacokinetic.ClearanceDrivenElimination | elim (from PK_1C) | ||
| Sources.PeriodicDose | periodicDose (from PK_1C) | ||
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | t1_2 (from PK_1C) | elimination half-life |
Revisions
- 06/2025 Tomas Kulhanek, generated model from data extracted from PUBMED, DrugBank and LLM(GPT4.1)