modelA11CA02
Extends from Pharmacokinetic.Models.PK_1C_enteral.
Information
| name: | Betacarotene | |
| ATC code: | A11CA02 | route: | oral |
| compartments: | 1 | |
| dosage: | 15 | mg |
| volume of distribution: | 2 | L |
| clearance: | 0.4 | L/h/kg |
| other parameters in model implementation | ||
Beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A (provitamin A carotenoid) and functions as an antioxidant. It is used as a dietary supplement for vitamin A deficiency and as a food coloring. Despite its historical use in preventing chronic diseases, supplemental beta-carotene is no longer recommended for general populations due to inconclusive effectiveness and possible harm in smokers.
Pharmacokinetics
Estimated parameters for healthy adults; published clinical studies have not consistently reported detailed compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters in humans.
References
Woutersen, RA, et al., & Feron, VJ (1999). Safety evaluation of synthetic beta-carotene. Critical reviews in toxicology 29(6) 515–542. DOI:10.1080/10408449991349267 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10628775
Newcomb, SA, et al., & Davis, TP (1990). Endogenous levels of beta-carotene in human buccal mucosa cells by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography 526(1) 47–58. DOI:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82482-2 PUBMED:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2341545
Parameters
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modelica.Units.SI.Mass | weight (from PK_1C) | 75 | patient weight (kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.SpecificVolume | VdPerKg (from PK_1C) | 0.9 | Volume of distribution (L/kg) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.MassFraction | F (from PK_1C) | 0.8 | bioavailiability (0-1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Clearance | Cl (from PK_1C) | 20 | clearance |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminTime (from PK_1C) | 60 | first administration time (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminDuration (from PK_1C) | 600 | administration duration (s) |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | adminPeriod (from PK_1C) | 8*60*60 | period of administration (default 8 hours)(s) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Mass | adminMass (from PK_1C) | 1000 | administration mass (mg) |
| Integer | adminCount (from PK_1C) | 8 | number of dose administered (1) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.Volume | Vd (from PK_1C) | VdPerKg*weight | Volume of distribution (m3) |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmin (from PK_1C) | 0.004 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Cmax (from PK_1C) | 0.008 | minimal therapeutic range |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_peak (from PK_1C) | 0.012 | toxicity peak level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.MassConcentration | Ctox_trough (from PK_1C) | 0.006 | toxicity trough level |
| Pharmacolibrary.Types.TransferRate | ka (from PK_1C_enteral) | 0.016666666666666666 | first order absorption rate |
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | Tlag (from PK_1C_enteral) | 600 | delay between oral administration and absorption (default 10min) |
Connectors
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Types.ConcentrationOutput | C_central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Interfaces.ConcentrationPort_b | centralCPort (from PK_1C) |
Components
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetic.NoPerfusedTissueCompartment | central (from PK_1C) | ||
| Pharmacokinetic.ClearanceDrivenElimination | elim (from PK_1C) | ||
| Sources.PeriodicDose | periodicDose (from PK_1C) | ||
| Modelica.Units.SI.Time | t1_2 (from PK_1C) | elimination half-life |
Revisions
- 06/2025 Tomas Kulhanek, generated model from data extracted from PUBMED, DrugBank and LLM(GPT4.1)